An Evaluation of the Impact of Professional Development on Agricultural Science Educators' Attitudes, Perceived Control, and Intentions Toward Facilitating Agriscience Fair Projects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v67i4.3262Keywords:
Agriscience Fair, Research SAEs, Professional Development, Theory of Planned BehaviorAbstract
Supervised Agricultural Experiences (SAEs) are a foundational element of secondary agricultural education as they promote hands-on, experiential learning. Among the various SAE types, agriscience research projects stand out as they develop students' critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and understanding of agricultural science. However, barriers such as limited teacher preparation and self-efficacy hinder the incorporation of these projects. This one-group pre-posttest study investigated the impact of a professional development workshop on agricultural educators' attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intent to facilitate agriscience fair projects during the 2024-2025 school year. Results showed that while participants' attitudes remained strongly favorable, perceived behavioral control increased significantly (p < .001, Cohen's d = 1.29), suggesting the workshop effectively improved teachers' confidence in facilitating agriscience projects. Although subjective norms regarding stakeholder support remained neutral, intent to conduct agriscience projects increased slightly from 71.9% to 76.6% post-workshop. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted professional development to overcome barriers and promote teacher engagement with research SAEs. Recommendations include expanding training opportunities, reinforcing supportive social norms, and providing ongoing support to sustain educators' participation in agriscience fairs. Further research is needed to explore long-term impacts and best practices for professional development in agricultural education.
Downloads
References
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.) Action Control. SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179–211.https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(4), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
American Association for Agricultural Education (AAAE). (2023). AAAE Research Values.
Best, R. W., Robinson, J. S., Edwards, M. C., Terry, Jr., R., & Cole, K. L. (2025). Tasks associated with teaching school-based agricultural education: FFA advisement. Journal of Agricultural Education, 66(4), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i4.3229
Bibi, S., Hassan, K. H. U., Shah, S. T. A., Akmal, F., & Saqib, M. (2024). Exploring the perceptions of teachers on the impact of professional development programs in enhancing teaching quality. Journal of Asian Development Studies, 13(2), 312–322. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.2.27
Bolton, A., Edgar, D. W., & Carter, V. (2018). Successful secondary agricultural programs outside the classroom: A view of champions. Journal of Agricultural Education, 59(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2018.02255
Claflin, K., & Wasilewski, K. (2026). Professional development in school-based agricultural education: A systematic literature review. Journal of Agricultural Education, 67(1), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v67i1.3311
The Council. (n.d.). SAE for all teacher’s guide. Box. https://ffa.app.box.com/s/exollg1x7q2lntun3su2mdufw07wiklf
Croom, D. B. (2008). The development of the integrated three-component model of agricultural education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 49(1), 110–120. https:doi.org/10.5032/jae.2008.01110
Desimone, L. M. (2009). Improving impact studies of teachers’ professional development: Toward better conceptualizations and measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X08331140
Ehlers, T. D. (2006). Effects of Illinois facilitating coordination in agricultural education state staff on District 5 FFA, teacher professional development, and curriculum development. (Order No. 1437517) [Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale]. ProQuest One Academic. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/effects-illinois-facilitating-coordination/docview/304977190/se-2
Ferand, N. K., DiBenedetto, C. A., Thoron, A. C., & Myers, B. E. (2020). Agriscience teacher professional development focused on teaching STEM principles in the floriculture curriculum. Journal of Agricultural Education, 61(4), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.04189
Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage publications limited.
Ford, J., Dossett, J., Lambert, M., & Easterly III, R. (2025). Implementation of agriscience fair by middle school agricultural education teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 66(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i1.2920
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2023). How to design and evaluate research in education (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 38(4), 915–945. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038004915
Grineski, S. (2021). The midwest: Cradle of vocational education. Middle West Review, 8(1), 45–80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mwr.2021.0025
Guskey, T. R. (2002). Professional development and teacher change. Teachers and Teaching, 8(3), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512
Hainline, M., & Smalley, S. (2023). Determining the professional development needs of Iowa school-based agricultural education teachers related to program design, leadership, and SAE development. Journal of Agricultural Education, 64(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i1.26
Hall, J., Doss, W., Cox, C. K., Rucker, K. J., & Estepp, C. M. (2026). Unlocking participation: Identifying barriers and professional development needs for SBAE teachers in research SAEs. Journal of Agricultural Education, 67(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v67i2.3328
Hanagriff, R. (2022, July 20). 2022 Agricultural Education Engagement Executive Summary Report. The AET. https://www.theaet.com/docs/edited%202022%20Exec%20Summary%20-All%20Program%20Summary%20Values_FINAL.pdf
Kelley, K., Darby, C., Hatch, C., Rayfield, J. (2025, February 1-4). A quasi-experimental evaluation of the impact of professional development on agricultural science educators' attitudes, perceived control, and intentions toward agriscience fair participation. [Paper presentation]. AAAE Southern Region Conference. Irving, TX, United States. https://shorturl.at/REgdw
Kennedy, M. M. (2016). How does professional development improve teaching?. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 945–980. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626800
Lawver, R. G., Pate, M. L., & Sorensen, T. J. (2016). Supervisor involvement and professional development needs associated with SAE programming and safety. Journal of Agricultural Education, 57(1), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2016.01150
Lawver, R., Smalley, S., Perry, D., & Pate, M. L. (2024). Impact of professional development of school-based agricultural education teachers: In-service implications for safety training. Journal of Agricultural Education, 65(1), 320–336. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v65i1.138
Lewis, L. J., Rayfield, J., & Moore, L. L. (2012). Supervised agricultural experience: An examination of student knowledge and participation. Journal of Agricultural Education, 53(4), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.04070
Maeng, J. L., Whitworth, B. A., Bell, R. L., & Sterling, D. R. (2020). The effect of professional development on elementary science teachers’ understanding, confidence, and classroom implementation of reform‐based science instruction. Science Education, 104(2), 326–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21562
McKay, T. D., Steede, G. M., & Swenson, R. D. (2022). Expanding the agricultural educator’s toolkit: Identifying challenges in digital media production technology. Journal of Agricultural Education, 63(4), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.04059
Morey, T. (2020). Virtual Mentoring in Agricultural Education: Describing Digital Literacy, Technology Self-Efficacy, and Attitudes Towards Technology of Pre-Service and In-Service Agricultural Educators (Order No. 28778401). [Doctoral Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University]. ProQuest One Academic. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/18033tgm23
National FFA Organization. (2026a). Agriscience Fair Handbook.pdf. Box. https://ffa.app.box.com/s/x4rd2h4a6fvwkrf5yogk9jbwwxouehnr/file/1621703913393?sb=/details
National FFA Organization. (2026b). Agricultural Proficiency Awards. FFA.org https://www.ffa.org/participate/awards/proficiencies/
National FFA Organization. (2026c). American Star Awards. FFA.org https://www.ffa.org/participate/awards/american-star-awards/
National FFA Organization. (2026d). Awards and degrees. FFA.org https://www.ffa.org/portfolio_category/awards/
Njenga, M. (2023). Teacher participation in continuing professional development: A theoretical framework. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 29(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/14779714221123603
Norris, W., Swortzel, K. A., & McCubbins, O. P. (2023). Practical and pertinent: Describing the need for meaningful professional development among agricultural educators. Career and Technical Education Research, 48(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.5328/cter48.1.21
Perry, D. K., Smalley, S. W., Pate, M. L., & Lawver, R. G. (2025). Analysis of a multi-year teacher professional development: Perspectives from the final year. Journal of Agricultural Education, 66(1), Article 35. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i1.2731
Ramstad, J., & Smalley, S. (2025). Maintaining a marathon mindset: Iowa agricultural education teachers’ implementation of the SAE for all framework following a yearlong professional development experience. Journal of Agricultural Education, 66(4), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i4.3247
Retallick, M. S. (2010). Implementation of supervised agricultural experience programs: The agriculture teachers’ perspective. Journal of Agricultural Education, 51(4), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2010.04059
Retallick, M. S., & Martin, R. (2008). Fifteen-year enrollment trends related to the three components of comprehensive agricultural education programs. Journal of Agricultural Education, 49(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2008.01028
Rubenstein, E., & Scott, J. (2021). Preservice agriculture teachers’ perceived self-efficacy of specific SAE competencies. Advancements in Agricultural Development, 2(3), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.37433/aad.v2i3.157
SAE For All. (2021, March 11). Immersion SAE. SAE For All. https://saeforall.org/immersion-sae/
Shoulders, C. W., & Myers, B. E. (2014). Effective professional development in agriscience education: An examination of core features. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(1), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.01167
Smith, K. L., & Rayfield, J. (2016). An early historical examination of the educational intent of supervised agricultural experiences (SAEs) and project-based learning in agricultural education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 57(2), 146–160. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2016.02146
Steele, R. (1997) Analysis of the continuing decline in use of supervised agricultural experience (SAE) in New York State. Journal of Agricultural Education, 38(2), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.1997.02049
Thiel, B. L., & Marx, A. A. (2021). Making the jump: what led agriscience teachers to adopt agriscience research SAEs?. Journal of Agricultural Education, 62(2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.02119
Whiddon, A. S. (2015). The shared experiences of prospective agricultural education teachers: A phenomenology of supervised agricultural experiences [Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University]. Oklahoma State University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1821925007?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses
Wilson, E. B., & Moore, G. E. (2007). Exploring the paradox of supervised agricultural experience programs in agricultural education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 48(4), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2007.04082