The Failures that Made Us: A Narrative Inquiry Study of Student Teachers’ Reflections on Failure
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i3.3196Keywords:
Failure, Student teaching, Narrative inquiry, Reflection, Mentoring, Teacher education, Failure learningAbstract
Our study investigated the role of failure during the school-based agricultural education (SBAE) student teaching experience. Using narrative inquiry, we analyzed the reflections of twelve SBAE teachers to uncover their moments of failure, how they reconciled those failures, and the lasting impact of these experiences. Our findings highlighted a key need, encompassing balanced mentoring and intentional reflection during the student teaching experience and teacher preparation programs, as we found preservice teachers benefited most from environments that embraced and supported failure, provided autonomy, and encouraged constructive reflection. These insights suggested practical reforms to equip preservice teachers for the complexities of their future classrooms.
Downloads
References
Allen, M. (2003). Eight questions on teacher preparation: What does the research say? A summary of the findings. Education Commission of the States.
Auerbach, C. F., & Silverstein, L. B. (2003). Qualitative data: An introduction to coding and analysis. New York University Press.
Back, J., Furniss, D., Blandford, A. (2007). Cognitive resilience: Reflection-in-action and on-action. Resilience Engineering Workshop, Vadstena, Sweden, 1-6.
Bamberg, M. (2004). Positioning with Davie Hogan: Stories, tellings, and identities. In C. Daiute & C. Lightfoot (Eds.), Narrative analysis: Studying the development of individuals in society (pp. 135-157). Sage Publications, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985246.n23
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman and Company.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.84.2.191
Bazeley, P. (2021). Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Beale, C. (2013). Keeping the story together: A holistic approach to narrative analysis. Journal of Research in Nursing, 18(8), 692-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987113481781 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987113481781
Beltman, S., Mansfield, C., & Price, A. (2011). Thriving not just surviving: A review of research on teacher resilience. Educational Research Review, 6(3), 185-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2011.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2011.09.001
Bey, T. (1992). Mentoring in teacher education: Diversifying support for teachers. In T. Bey & C. T. Holmes (Eds.), Mentoring: Contemporary principles and issues. Association of Teacher Educators.
Bowles, T., & Arnup, J. L. (2016). Early career teachers’ resilience and positive adaptive change capabilities. The Australian Educational Researcher, 43(2), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-015-0192-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-015-0192-1
Bowling, A., Claflin, K., Martin, M., Parker, H., Ramsier, R., & Owiti, J. (2024). Internal dilemmas and external burdens: Exploring student teacher lesson planning. Proceedings of the Annual Research Conference. Annual American Association for Agricultural Education Research Conference, Manhattan, KS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i2.2961
Brear, M. (2018). Swazi co-researcher participants’ dynamic preferences and motivations for representation with real names and (English-language) pseudonyms: An ethnography. Qualitative Research, 18(6), 722–740. https://doi. org/10.1177/1468794117743467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117743467
Brown, A. L., Lee, J., & Collins, D. (2015). Does student teaching matter? Investigating pre-service teachers’ sense of efficacy and preparedness. Teaching Education, 26(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2014.957666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2014.957666
Caires, S., Almeida, L. S., & Martins, C. (2010). The socio-‐‐emotional experiences of student teachers during practicum: A case of reality shock? The Journal of Educational Research, 103(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670903228611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670903228611
Cannon, M. D., & Edmondson, A. C. (2005). Failing to learn and learning to fail (intelligently): How great organizations put failure to work to innovate and improve. Long Range Planning, 38(3), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2005.04.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2005.04.005
Carr, D. (1986). Time, narrative, and history. Indiana University Press.
Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher turnover: Why it matters and what we can do about it. Learning Policy Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54300/454.278
Castro, A. J., Kelly, J., & Shih, M. (2010). Resilience strategies for new teachers in high-needs areas. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(3), 622-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.09.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.09.010
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Chein, I. (1981). Appendix: An introduction to sampling. In L. H. Kidder (Ed.), Sellitz, Wrightsman & Cook’s research methods in social relations (4th ed., pp. 418-441). Rinehart and Winston.
Chilisa, B. (2012). Indigenous research methodologies. Sage Publications, Inc.
Clandinin, D. J. (2007). Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology. Sage Publications, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226552
Clandinin, D. J. (2013). Engaging in narrative inquiry. Left Coast Press, Inc.
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (1998). Stories to live by: Narrative understandings of school reform. Curriculum Inquiry, 28(2), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/0362-6784.00082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0362-6784.00082
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass.
Clifford, J. (1986). Partial truths. In J. Clifford & G. E. Marcus (Eds.), Writing culture: The poetics and politics of ethnography (pp. 1-26). University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520946286-003
Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research strategies. Sage Publications, Inc.
Collier, S. T. (1999). Characteristics of reflective thought during the student teaching experience. Journal of Teacher Education, 50(3), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248719905000303 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002248719905000303
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of experience and narrative inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1176100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X019005002
Craig, C. J. (2007). Story constellations: A narrative approach to contextualizing teachers’ knowledge of school reform. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.014
Crane, M. F., Searle, B. J., Kangas, M., & Nwiran, Y. (2019). How resilience is strengthened by exposure to stressors: The systematic self-reflection model of resilience strengthening. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 32(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1506640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1506640
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Creswell, J. W., & Guetterman, T. C. (2019). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating qualitative and quantitative research. Pearson.
Cuenca, A. (2011). The role of legitimacy in student teaching: Learning to “feel” like a teacher. Teacher Education Quarterly, 38(2), 117–130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23479696
Cumming, J. (1971). Back to the sticks for student teaching! Journal of Teacher Education, 22(3), 294–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/002248717102200310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002248717102200310
Danyluk, P. J., Luhanga, F., Gwekwerere, Y. N., MacEwan, L., & Larocque, S. (2015). Failure to fail in a final preservice teaching practicum. The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2015.3.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2015.3.5
Danyluk, P. J., Burns, A., Crawford, K., & Hill, S. L. (2021). Preservice teachers’ perspectives of failure during a practicum. Teaching Education, 32(3), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2019.1693536 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2019.1693536
Darabi, A., Arrington, T. L., & Sayilir, E. (2018). Learning from failure: A meta-analysis of the empirical studies. Educational Technology Research and Development, 66(5), 1101–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9579-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9579-9
Darling-Hammond, L., Chung, R., & Frelow, F. (2002). Variation in teacher preparation: How well do different pathways prepare teachers to teach? Journal of Teacher Education, 53(4), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053004002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053004002
Davies, B. (2005). Communities of practice: Legitimacy not choice. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(4), 557-581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00306.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00306.x
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(3), 182-185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
Denzin, N. (2000). Preface. In M. Andrews et al. (Eds.), Lines of narrative: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. xi-xiii). Routledge.
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. D.C. Heath & Co. Publishers.
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Macmillan Company.
DiMenichi, B. C., & Richmond, L. L. (2015). Reflecting on past failures leads to increased perseverance and sustained attention. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(2), 180–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.995104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.995104
Ding, A.-C., & Wang, H. (2018). Unpacking teacher candidates’ decision-making and justifications in dilemmatic spaces during the student teaching year. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 46(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1442916 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1442916
Dohaney, J., de Róiste, M., Salmon, R. A., & Sutherland, K. (2020). Benefits, barriers, and incentives for improved resilience to disruption in university teaching. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101691
Drew, S. V., & Sosnowski, C. (2019). Emerging theory of teacher resilience: A situational analysis. English Teaching: Practice & Critique, 18(4), 492–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/etpc-12-2018-0118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ETPC-12-2018-0118
Dumas, W. (1969). Factors associated with self-concept change in student teachers. The Journal of Educational Research, 62(6), 275–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1969.10883841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1969.10883841
Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality and development. Psychology Press.
Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House Publishing Group.
Ellis, S., Carette, B., Anseel, F., & Lievens, F. (2014). Systematic reflection: Implications for learning from failures and successes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413504106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413504106
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.100.3.363
Ewick, P., & Silbey, S. (2003). Narrating social structure: Stories of resistance to legal authority. American Journal of Sociology, 108(6), 1328-1372. https://doi.org/10.1086/378035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/378035
Feiman-Nemser, S. (2001). Helping novices learn to teach: Lessons from an exemplary support teacher. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487101052001003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487101052001003
Fowler, L. (2013). Special feature: Eight orbitals of inquiry: Reconceptualizing narrative methods in education research. in Education, 16(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.37119/ojs2010.v16i2.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37119/ojs2010.v16i2.105
Fwu, B. J., Chen, S. W., Wei, C. F., & Wang, H. H. (2018). I believe; therefore, I work harder: The significance of reflective thinking on effort-making in academic failure in a Confucian-heritage cultural context. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 30, 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.01.004
Garrison, D. R., & Kanuka, H. (2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 7(2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2004.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2004.02.001
Gartmeier, M., Bauer, J., Gruber, H., & Heid, H. (2008). Negative knowledge: Understanding professional learning and expertise. Vocations and Learning, 1(2), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-008-9006-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-008-9006-1
Gartmeier, M., Bauer, J., Gruber, H., & Heid, H. (2010). Workplace errors and negative knowledge in elder nursing. Human Resource Development International, 13(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13678861003589057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13678861003589057
Goldhaber, D., Krieg, J. M., Theobald, R. (2017). Does the match matter? Exploring whether student teaching experiences affect teacher effectiveness. American Educational Research Journal, 54(2), 325-359. http://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217690516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217690516
Gorbunova, A., Van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Costley, J. (2023). Are inductive teaching methods compatible with cognitive load theory? Educational Psychology Review, 35(4), 111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09828-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09828-z
Greve, S., Weber, K. E., Brandes, B., & Maier, J. (2020). Development of pre-service teachers’ teaching performance in physical education during a long-term internship: Analysis of classroom videos using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System K 3. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 50(3), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00651-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00651-0
Gu, Q., & Day, C. (2007). Teachers resilience: A necessary condition for effectiveness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(8), 1302–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.06.006
Harwood, A. M., Collins, L., & Sudzina, M. (2000). Learning from student teacher failure: Implications for program design. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Henry, M. A., Shorter, S., Charkoudian, L., Heemstra, J. M., & Corwin, L. A. (2019). FAIL is not a four-letter word: A theoretical framework for exploring undergraduate students’ approaches to academic challenge and responses to failure in STEM learning environments. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 18(11), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-06-0108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-06-0108
Hollins, E., & Guzman, M. T. (2005). Research on preparing teachers for diverse populations. In M. Cochran-Smith and K. M. Zeichner (Eds.) Studying teacher education: The report of the AERA panel on research and teacher education (pp. 477-548). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hong, J. Y. (2012). Why do some beginning teachers leave the school, and others stay? Understanding teacher resilience through psychological lenses. Teachers and Teaching, 18(4), 417-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2012.696044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2012.696044
Iannaccone, L. (1963). Student teaching: A transitional stage in the making of a teacher. Theory Into Practice, 2(2), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405846309541841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405846309541841
Ingersoll, R. M., & Strong, M. (2011). The impact of induction and mentoring programs for beginning teachers: A critical review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 81(2), 201-233. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311403323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311403323
Iqbal, M. H., Siddiqie, S. A., & Mazid, M. A. (2021). Rethinking theories of lesson plan for effective teaching and learning. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100172
Izadinia, M. (2016). Student teachers’ and mentor teachers’ perceptions and expectations of a mentoring relationship: Do they match or clash? Professional Development in Education, 42(3), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2014.994136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2014.994136
Jones, C. K., Kelsey, K. D., & Brown, N. R. (2014). Climbing the steps toward a successful cooperating teacher/student teacher mentoring relationship. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(2), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.02033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.02033
Kakazu, K., & Kobayashi, M. (2023). Student teachers’ development through a first-time teaching practicum and challenges: A qualitative case study approach. Journal of Education for Teaching, 49(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2022.2104629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2022.2104629
Kang, H. (2017). Preservice teachers’ learning to plan intellectually challenging tasks. Journal of Teacher Education, 68(1), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487116676313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487116676313
Kapur, M. (2015). Learning from productive failure. Learning: Research and Practice, 1(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2015.1002195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2015.1002195
Kasperbauer, H. J., & Roberts, T. G. (2007). Changes in student teacher perceptions of the student teacher-cooperating teacher relationship throughout the student teaching semester. Journal of Agricultural Education, 48(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2007.01031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2007.01031
Kelchtermans, G., & Ballet, K. (2002). The micropolitics of teacher induction: A narrative-biographical study on teacher socialization. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-051x(01)00053-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00053-1
Kim, J. (2016). Understanding narrative inquiry: The crafting and analysis of stories as research. Sage Publications, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802861
Knowles, J. G., & Hoefler, V. B. (1989). The student teacher who wouldn’t go away: Learning from failure. Journal of Experiential Education, 12(2), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382598901200204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/105382598901200204
Knowles, J. G., Skrobola, N. L. M., & Coolican, M. J. (1995). We watched them “fail”: University supervisors’ perceptions of “failure” in student teaching1. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 8(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839950080204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839950080204
König, J., Krepf, M., Bremerich-Vos, A., & Buchholtz, C. (2021). Meeting cognitive demands of lesson planning: Introducing the CODE-PLAN model to describe and analyze teachers’ planning competence. The Teacher Educator, 56(4), 466-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2021.1938324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08878730.2021.1938324
Korte, D. S., & Simonsen, J. C. (2018). Influence of social support on teacher self-efficacy in novice agricultural education teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 59(3), 100–123. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2018.03100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2018.03100
Laksov, K. B., & McGrath, C. (2020). Failure as a catalyst for learning: Towards deliberate reflection in academic development work. International Journal for Academic Development, 25(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2020.1717783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2020.1717783
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815355
Le Cornu, R. (2013). Building early career teacher resilience: The role of relationships. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2013v38n4.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2013v38n4.4
Lee, J., Tice, K., Collins, D., Melton, J., Brown, A. L., Smith, C., & Fox, J. (2012). Assessing student teaching experiences: Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of their preparedness and efficacy. Educational Research Quarterly, 36(2), 3–19.
Locke, L. F., Silverman, S. J., & Spirduso, W. W. (2004). Reading and understanding research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Lutovac, S. (2019). Pre-service mathematics teachers’ narrated failure: Stories of resilience. International Journal of Educational Research, 98(1), 237‒244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.09.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2019.09.006
Lutovac, S. (2020). How failure shapes teacher identities: Pre-service elementary school and mathematics teachers’ narrated possible selves. Teaching and Teacher Education, 94(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103120
Lutovac, S., & Flores, M. A. (2021). ‘Those who fail should not be teachers’: Pre-service teachers’ understandings of failure and teacher identity development. Journal of Education for Teaching, 47(3), 379-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2021.1891833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2021.1891833
Malloy, W. W., & Allen, T. (2018). Teacher retention in a teacher resiliency-building rural school. The Rural Educator, 28(2), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.35608/ruraled.v28i2.482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35608/ruraled.v28i2.482
Mansfield, C. F., Beltman, S., Broadley, T., & Weatherby-Fell, N. (2016). Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teaching and Teacher Education, 54, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2015.11.016
Mansfield, C. F., Beltman, S., Price, A., & McConney, A. (2012). “Don’t sweat the small stuff:” Understanding teacher resilience at the chalkface. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(3), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.11.001
Mason, T. C. (1999). Predictors of success in urban teaching: Analyzing two paradoxical cases. Multicultural Education, 6(3).
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.227
Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
McKim, A. J., & Velez, J. J. (2017). Developing self-efficacy: Exploring preservice coursework, student teaching, and professional development experiences. Journal of Agricultural Education, 58(1), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01172 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01172
Meierdirk, C., & Fleischer, S. (2022). Exploring the mindset and resilience of student teachers. Teacher Development, 26(2), 263-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2022.2048687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2022.2048687
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Miller, G., & Wilson, E. B. (2010). Designing field-based and experiential education for preservice teachers in agriculture. In R. M. Torres, T. Kitchell, & A. L. Ball (Eds.), Preparing and advancing teachers in agricultural education (pp. 131–141). Curriculum Material Service, The Ohio State University.
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1981). On narrative. The University of Chicago Press.
Moos, D. C., & Pitton, D. (2014). Student teacher challenges: Using the cognitive load theory as an explanatory lens. Teaching Education, 25(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2012.754869 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2012.754869
Pang, C. (2023). Time-stage model of failure. Journal of Education: Teaching and Social Studies, 5(3), 176-188. https://doi.org/10.22158/jetss.v5n3p176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/jetss.v5n3p176
Parker, G. (2015). Teachers’ autonomy. Research in Education, 93, 19-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/RIE.0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7227/RIE.0008
Parker, H. C., Claflin, K., & Bowling, A. M. (2024). Student teacher needs-supporting and -frustrating experiences through guided reflective journaling: A case study of triumphs and tribulations. Proceedings of the Annual Research Conference. Annual American Association for Agricultural Education Research Conference, Manhattan, KS.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage Publications, Inc.
Pedota, P. J. (2015). How can student success support teacher self-efficacy and retention? Clearing House, 88(2), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2014.998600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2014.998600
Pendergast, D., Garvis, S., & Keogh, J. (2011). Pre-service student-teacher self-efficacy beliefs: An insight into the making of teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36(12), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2011v36n12.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2011v36n12.6
Persaud, I. (2019). Insider and outsider analysis: Constructing, deconstructing, and reconstructing narratives of Seychelles’ geography education. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 160940691984243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919842436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919842436
Phoenix, D. B., & Haddad, B. (2024). Identifying failure experiences: A case study exploring failure identification in pre-service teacher preparation through constant comparative analysis. Proceedings of the North Central American Association for Agricultural Education Research Conference, Tulsa, OK, 29-34.
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. Norton. https://doi.org/10.1037/11494-000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/11494-000
Pinnegar, S., & Daynes, J. G. (2007). Locating narrative inquiry historically: Thematics in the turn to narrative. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology (pp. 3-34). Sage Publications, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452226552.n1
Pinsky, L. E., & Irby, D. M. (1997). “If at first you don’t succeed”: Using failure to improve teaching. Academic Medicine, 72(11), 973–976. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199711000-00013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199711000-00013
Plourde, L. (2002). The influence of student teaching on pre-service elementary teacher’s science self-efficacy and outcome expectancy beliefs. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 29, 245–253.
Price, T. J., Ferand, N. K., Sewell, E. A., & Coleman, B. M. (2023). Understanding teacher preparation of the past: The student teaching block in agricultural education. Advancements in Agricultural Development, 4(3), 66-78. https://doi.org/10.37433/aad.v4i3.367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37433/aad.v4i3.367
Pultorak, E. G. (1993). Facilitating reflective thought in novice teachers. Journal of Teacher Education, 44(4), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487193044004007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487193044004007
Pultorak, E. G. (1996). Following the developmental process of reflection in novice teachers: Three years of investigation. Journal of Teacher Education, 47(4), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487196474006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487196474006
Rajuan, M., Beijaard, D., & Verloop, N. (2007). The role of the cooperating teacher: Bridging the gap between the expectations of cooperating teachers and student teachers. Mentoring & Tutoring, 15(3), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611260701201703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13611260701201703
Reissman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage Publications, Inc.
Retallick, M. S., & Miller, G. (2010). Teacher preparation in career and technical education: A model for developing and researching early field experiences. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 25(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v25i1.469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v25i1.469
Rickman, L. W., & Hollowell, J. (1981). Some causes of student teacher failure. Improving College and University Teaching, 29(4), 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00193089.1981.10533707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00193089.1981.10533707
Rohrkemper, M., & Corno, L. (1988). Success and failure on classroom tasks: Adaptive learning and classroom teaching. The Elementary School Journal, 88(3), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1086/461540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/461540
Ronfeldt, M., & Reininger, M. (2012). More or better student teaching? Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(8), 1091–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.06.003
Sadler, T. D. (2006). “I won’t last three weeks”: Preservice science teachers reflect on their student-teaching experiences. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 17(3), 217–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-005-9004-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-005-9004-1
Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Samuel, M. (2009).On becoming a teacher: Life history research and the force-field model of teaching development. In R. Dhunpath & M. Samuel (Eds.), Life history research, epistemology, methodology and representation. Sense. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087908584
Schank, R. (1999). Dynamic memory: Revisited. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527920
Schmidt, M., & Gary Knowles, J. (1995). Four women’s stories of “failure” as beginning teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 11(5), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(95)000118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(95)00011-8
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. Jossey-Bass.
Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner. Jossey-Bass.
Schwandt, T. A. (1997). Qualitative inquiry: A dictionary of terms. Sage Publications, Inc.
Seidman, I. (2019). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (5th ed.). Teachers College Press.
Simpson, A., Anderson, A., Goeke, M., Caruana, D., & Maltese, A. V. (2023). Identifying and shifting educators’ failure pedagogical mindsets through reflective practices. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12658
Singh, Y. K. (2008). Teaching practice: Lesson planning. APH Publishing Corporation.
Sinha, T., & Kapur, M. (2021). When problem solving followed by instruction works: Evidence for productive failure. Review of Educational Research, 91(5), 761–798. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211019105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211019105
Smith, K. L., & Rayfield, J. (2017). Student teaching changed me: A look at Kolb’s learning style inventory scores before and after the student teaching experience. Journal of Agricultural Education, 58(1), 102-117. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01102
Solis, J. (2004). Narrating and counternarrating illegality as an identity. In C. Daiute, & C. Lightfoot (Eds.), Narrative analysis: Studying the development of individuals in society (pp. 181-199). Sage Publications, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985246.n31
Squires, V., Walker, K., & Spurr, S. (2022). Understanding self perceptions of wellbeing and resilience of preservice teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 118, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103828
Stewart, J., Lambert, M. D., Ulmer, J. D., Witt, P. A., & Carraway, C. L. (2017). Discovering quality in teacher education: Perceptions concerning what makes an effective cooperating teacher. Journal of Agricultural Education, 58(1), 280-299. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.01280
Stroud Stasel, R., & Evans, R. (2023). Eat those words: Flipping understandings of culture shock failure through self-leadership in overseas international schools. International Journal for Leadership in Learning, 23(1), 155–184. https://doi.org/10.29173/ijll36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29173/ijll36
Sudzina, M. R., & Knowles, J. G. (1993). Personal, professional and contextual circumstances of student teachers who “fail”: Setting a course for understanding failure in teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 44(4), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487193044004003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487193044004003
Sudzina, M., Giebelhaus, C., & Coolican, M. (1997). Mentor or tormentor: The role of the cooperating teacher in student teacher success or failure. Action in Teacher Education, 18(4), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.1997.10463361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.1997.10463361
Surbeck, E., Han, E. P., & Moyer, J. E. (1991). Assessing reflective responses in journals. Educational Leadership, 48(6), 25-27.
Sweet Moore, P., Coleman, B., Young, H., Bunch, J., Jagger, C. (2023). Preservice teachers’ perceptions of important elements of the student teaching experience. Journal of Agricultural Education, 64(1), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i1.36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i1.36
Tait, M. (2008). Resilience as a contributor to novice teacher success, commitment, and retention. Teacher Education Quarterly, 35(4), 57–75. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23479174
Tamboukou, M. (2012). From the question of ‘what’ to the question of ‘how’ or how to write about the lives of others?. Retrieved September 2, 2024, from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/3063/1/5.2_From_the_ question_of_what_to_how_by_Maria_Tamboukou_notes.pdf
Tawfik, A. A., Rong, H., & Choi, I. (2015). Failing to learn: Towards a unified design approach for failure-based learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 63(6), 975–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-015-9399-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-015-9399-0
Teng, F. (2019). Understanding teacher autonomy, teacher agency, and teacher identity: Voices from four EFL student teachers. English Teaching & Learning, 43(2), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-019-00024-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42321-019-00024-3
Thieman, E. B., Marx, A. A., & Kitchel, T. (2014). “You’ve always got challenges”: Resilience and the preservice teacher. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(4), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.04012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.04012
Thomas, P. (2006). Pre-service practicum teaching in Central Asia: A positive experience for both worlds. Journal of Social Studies Research, 30(1), 21-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/235227982006030001004
Thornberg, R., & Charmaz, K. (2014). Grounded theory and theoretical coding. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis (pp. 153-169). Sage Publications, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n11
Tigchelaar, A., & Korthagen, F. (2004). Deepening the exchange of student teaching experiences: Implications for the pedagogy of teacher education of recent insights into teacher behaviour. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(7), 665–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.07.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.07.008
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 783-805. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-051x(01)00036-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1
University of Alabama, College of Education. (1994). The knowledge base [Brochure]. University of Alabama.
VanLehn, K. (1988). Toward a theory of impasse-driven learning. In Mandl, D. H. & Lesgold, D. A. (Eds.) Learning Issues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 19–41). Springer US. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6350-7_2
van Manen, M. (1995). On the epistemology of reflective practice. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354060950010104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1354060950010104
Wang, P., Xiong, Z., & Zhao, Z. (2023). Exploring the relationship between failure-learning-based entrepreneurship education and youth entrepreneurial resilience: A mediated moderation model. E+M Ekonomie a Management, 26(4), 51-65. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2023-5-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2023-5-001
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548-573. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.92.4.548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.92.4.548
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932
White, J. J. (1989). Student teaching as a rite of passage. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 20(3), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1989.20.3.04x0658h DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1989.20.3.04x0658h
Wilson, S. M., & Floden, R. E. (2002). Creating effective teachers – Concise answers for hard questions: An addendum to the report “Teacher preparation research: Current knowledge, gaps and recommendations”. ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053003002
Wilson, S., Floden, R., & Ferrini-Mundy, J. (2001). Teacher preparation research: Current knowledge, gaps, and recommendations. Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy: A University of Washington, Stanford University, University of Michigan, and University of Pennsylvania consortium.
Woods, D. D., & Hollnagel, E. (2006). Prologue. In E. Hollnagel & D. D. Woods (Eds.). Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts (pp. 1-7). Ashgate. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315605685-1
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2