Understanding Healthy Eating Behaviors Using Theory of Planned Behavior and Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v67i2.3199Keywords:
Healthy eating behavior, Theory of Planned Behavior, Transtheoretical model, Behavior change, Behavior change intention, Southeastern USAbstract
Our study assesses participants' engagement in healthy eating behaviors and examines the factors that predict it. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) were integrated to develop a conceptual model for exploring key research questions. Participants (n = 1,528) were recruited using quota-based nonprobability sampling, and data were collected through an online cross-sectional survey. The effects of TPB variables (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control [PBC]) on participants at different stages of behavior change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance) were assessed using descriptive statistics. Respondents were categorized into two groups: intention (cognitive phase: precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation) and behavior (actual behavior: action and maintenance). The effects of TPB variables on these two groups were assessed using binary logistic regression. Participants held mixed attitudes toward healthy eating, injunctive norms, and PBC. However, there was low agreement on healthy eating descriptive norms. The regression analysis showed that attitude had the strongest influence on healthy eating, followed by descriptive norm, PBC, income, participation in nutrition education programs, gender, and age. Strategies to develop positive attitudes, enhance PBC, and normalize healthy eating as a social norm to promote engagement in healthy eating behaviors are discussed.
Downloads
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Armitage, C. J., Sheeran, P., Conner, M., & Arden, M. A. (2004). Stages of change or changes of stage? Predicting transitions in the transtheoretical model stages in relation to healthy food choice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.491 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.491
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Irvine, C. K., & Walker, D. (2019). Introduction to research in education (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://www.cengage.com/c/introduction-to-research-in-education-10e-aryjacobs-sorensen-walker/9781337566001/
Bacârea, A., Bacârea, V. C., Cînpeanu, C., Teodorescu, C., Seni, A. G., Guiné, R. P., & Tarcea, M. (2021). Demographic, anthropometric, and food behavior data towards healthy eating in Romania. Foods, 10(3), 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030487
Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Teruya, S., Pan, D., Lin, J., Gordon, D., Krochalk, P. C., & Bazargan, M. (2016). The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and texting while driving behavior in college students. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1172703 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1172703
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.107.2.238
Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual (Version 6). Multivariate Software.
CDC. (2024, September 20). Adult obesity prevalence maps. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data-and-statistics/adult-obesity-prevalence-maps.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/prevalence-maps.html
Chee Yen, W., Mohd Shariff, Z., Kandiah, M., & Mohd Taib, M. N. (2014). Stages of change to increase fruit and vegetable intake and its relationships with fruit and vegetable intake and related psychosocial factors. Nutrition Research and Practice, 8(3), 297. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.297
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
Close, M. A., Lytle, L. A., Chen, D.-G., & Viera, A. J. (2018). Using the theory of planned behavior to explain intention to eat a healthful diet among Southeastern United States office workers. Nutrition & Food Science, 48(2), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1108/nfs-06-2017-0123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-06-2017-0123
Conner, M. (2014). Extending not retiring the theory of planned behaviour: A commentary on Sniehotta, Presseau and Araújo-Soares. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.899060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.899060
Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2022). Understanding the intention-behavior gap: The role of intention strength. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 923464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923464
Conner, M., Norman, P., & Bell, R. (2002). The theory of planned behavior and healthy eating. Health Psychology, 21(2), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.194
Courneya, K. S., & Bobick, T. M. (2000). Integrating the theory of planned behavior with the processes and stages of change in the exercise domain. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 1(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1469-0292(00)00006-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00006-6
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
De Vet, E., de Nooijer, J., de Vries, N. K., & Brug, J. (2006). The Transtheoretical model for fruit, vegetable and fish consumption: associations between intakes, stages of change and stage transition determinants. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-3-13
Drisdelle, C., Kestens, Y., Hamelin, A. M., & Mercille, G. (2020). Disparities in access to healthy diets: How food security and food shopping behaviors relate to fruit and vegetable intake. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(11), 1847–1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.03.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.03.020
Espinosa-Curiel, I. E., Pozas-Bogarin, E. E., Lozano-Salas, J. L., Martínez-Miranda, J., Delgado-Pérez, E. E., & Estrada-Zamarron, L. S. (2020). Nutritional education and promotion of healthy eating behaviors among Mexican children through video games: Design and pilot test of FoodRateMaster. JMIR Serious Games, 8(2), e16431. https://doi.org/10.2196/16431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/16431
Fahrenwald, N. L., & Walker, S. N. (2003). Application of the transtheoretical model of behavior change to the physical activity behavior of WIC mothers. Public Health Nursing, 20(4), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20408.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20408.x
Feraco, A., Armani, A., Amoah, I., Guseva, E., Camajani, E., Gorini, S., Strollo, R., Padua, E., Caprio, M., & Lombardo, M. (2024). Assessing gender differences in food preferences and physical activity: A population-based survey. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1348456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1348456
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage Publications Ltd.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
French, S. A., Tangney, C., Crane, M., Wang, Y., & Appelhans, B. M. (2019). Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: The SHoPPER study. BMC Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2
Frenn, M., Malin, S., & Bansal, N. K. (2003). Stage-based interventions for low-fat diet with middle school students. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 18(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1053/jpdn.2003.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/jpdn.2003.6
Greaves, M., Zibarras, L. D., & Stride, C. (2013). Using the theory of planned behavior to explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.02.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.02.003
Guertin, C., Pelletier, L., & Pope, P. (2020). The validation of the healthy and unhealthy eating behavior scale (HUEBS): Examining the interplay between stages of change and motivation and their association with healthy and unhealthy eating behaviors and physical health. Appetite, 144, 104487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104487
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Harris, J. K. (2021). Primer on binary logistic regression. Family Medicine and Community Health, 9(Suppl 1), e001290. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2021-001290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2021-001290
Hicklin, T. (2017, March 14). How dietary factors influence disease risk. National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-dietary-factors-influence-disease-risk
Hilger-Kolb, J., & Diehl, K. (2019). “Oh God, I Have to Eat Something, But Where Can I Get Something Quickly?”—A Qualitative Interview Study on Barriers to Healthy Eating among University Students in Germany. Nutrients, 11(10), 2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102440
Howard, G., & Howard, V. J. (2020). Twenty Years of Progress Toward Understanding the Stroke Belt. Stroke, 51(3), 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.024155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.024155
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). Sage Publications.
James, A., Lawrence, B., & O’Connor, M. (2022). Healthy Eating as a New Way of Life: A Qualitative Study of Successful Long-Term Diet Change. Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 59(1), 004695802210903. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580221090397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580221090397
Joshi, A, Kalauni, D, Warner, L. A., Galindo, S McLeod-Morin, A, Anderson, S (2025) Understanding Healthy Eating Behaviors Using Theory of Planned Behavior and Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change [Oral Presentation].American Association for Agricultural Education National Conference, Lubbock, Texas.
Kang, H. (2013). A guide on the use of factor analysis in the assessment of construct validity. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 43(5), 587. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.5.587 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.5.587
Khani Jeihooni, A., Jormand, H., Saadat, N., Hatami, M., Abdul Manaf, R., & Afzali Harsini, P. (2021). The application of the theory of planned behavior to nutritional behaviors related to cardiovascular disease among the women. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02399-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02399-3
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
Knabe, A. (2012). Applying Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior to a Study of Online Applying Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior to a Study of Online Course Adoption in Public Relations Education Course Adoption in Public Relations Education [Dissertation]. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/186/
Kolasa, K. M., Firnhaber, G. C., & Craven, K. (2020). Avoid the “Southern Diet”? What, Really, Do You Mean?. Nutrition Today, 55(4), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1097/nt.0000000000000421 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000421
Le, A., Judd, S. E., Allison, D. B., Oza-Frank, R., Affuso, O., Safford, M. M., Howard, V. J., & Howard, G. (2014). The geographic distribution of obesity in the US and the potential regional differences in misreporting of obesity. Obesity, 22(1), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20451
Lee, K., Conklin, M., Cranage, D. A., & Lee, S. (2014). The role of perceived corporate social responsibility on providing healthful foods and nutrition information with health-consciousness as a moderator. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 37, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.10.005
Loth, K. A., MacLehose, R. F., Larson, N., Berge, J. M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2016). Food availability, modeling and restriction: How are these different aspects of the family eating environment related to adolescent dietary intake? Appetite, 96, 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.026
Malek, L., Umberger, W. J., Makrides, M., & ShaoJia, Z. (2017). Predicting healthy eating intention and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy in Australia using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Appetite, 116, 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.028
McDermott, M. S., Oliver, M., Simnadis, T., Beck, E. J., Coltman, T., Iverson, D., Caputi, P., & Sharma, R. (2015). The Theory of Planned Behaviour and dietary patterns: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 81, 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.08.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.08.020
McEachan, R. R. C., Conner, M., Taylor, N. J., & Lawton, R. J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.521684 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.521684
Micha, R., Peñalvo, J. L., Cudhea, F., Imamura, F., Rehm, C. D., Mozaffarian, D. (2017). Association between dietary factors and mortality from heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. JAMA, 317(9), 912–924. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.0947 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.0947
Mozaffarian, D., Blanck, H. M., Garfield, K. M., Wassung, A., & Petersen, R. (2022). A Food is Medicine approach to achieve nutrition security and improve health. Nature Medicine, 28(11), 2238–2240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02027-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02027-3
Mullan, B. A., & Wong, C. L. (2009). Hygienic food handling behaviours. An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Appetite, 52(3), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.01.007
Mullan, B. A., Wong, C., & Kothe, E. J. (2013). Predicting adolescents' safe food handling using an extended theory of planned behavior. Food Control, 31(2), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.027
Nakamura, S., Inayama, T., Hata, K., Matsushita, M., Takahashi, M., Harada, K., & Arao, T. (2016). Association of household income and education with eating behaviors in Japanese adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16, 61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2748-z
Nardi, V. A. M., Jardim, W. C., Ladeira, W., & Santini, F. (2019). Predicting food choice: a meta-analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. British Food Journal, 121(10), 2250–2264. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-08-2018-0504 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2018-0504
Nigg, C. R. (2001). Explaining adolescent exercise behavior change: A longitudinal application of the transtheoretical model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2301_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2301_3
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Okumus, B. (2021). A qualitative investigation of Millennials’ healthy eating behavior, food choices, and restaurant selection. Food, Culture & Society, 24(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2021.1882168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2021.1882168
Pedersen, S., Grønhøj, A., & Thøgersen, J. (2015). Following family or friends. Social norms in adolescent healthy eating. Appetite, 86, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.030
Perkins, S., Daley, A., Yerxa, K., & Therrien, M. (2019). The effectiveness of the expanded food and nutrition education program (EFNEP) on diet quality as measured by the healthy eating index. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 14(3), 155982761987273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827619872733 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827619872733
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analysis with SAS and IBM’s SPSS (6th ed.). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315814919
Power, E. M. (2005). Les déterminants de la saine alimentation chez les Canadiens à faible revenu. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(S3), S42–S48. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03405200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405200
Prochaska, J. O. (2008). Decision making in the transtheoretical model of behavior change. Medical Decision Making, 28(6), 845–849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X08327068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X08327068
Prochaska, J. O., & Di Clemente, C. C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 19(3), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088437 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0088437
Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
Qiu, C., & Hou, M. (2020). Association between food preferences, eating behaviors and socio-demographic factors, physical activity among children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 12(3), 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030640
Riebl, S. K., Estabrooks, P. A., Dunsmore, J. C., Savla, J., Frisard, M. I., Dietrich, A. M., ... & Davy, B. M. (2015). A systematic literature review and meta-analysis: The Theory of Planned Behavior's application to understand and predict nutrition-related behaviors in youth. Eating behaviors, 18, 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.016
Ruzgys, S., & Pickering, G. J. (2024). Gen Z and sustainable diets: Application of the transtheoretical model and the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 140300–140300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140300 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140300
Sajjad, M., Bhatti, A., Hill, B., & Al-Omari, B. (2023). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict factors influencing fast-food consumption among college students. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15923-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15923-1
Shah Alam, S., & Mohamed Sayuti, N. (2011). Applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in halal food purchasing. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/10569211111111676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10569211111111676
Shikany, J. M., Safford, M. M., Newby, P. K., Durant, R. W., Brown, T. M., & Judd, S. E. (2015). Southern Dietary Pattern Is Associated With Hazard of Acute Coronary Heart Disease in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Circulation, 132(9), 804–814. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.114.014421 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014421
Sniehotta, F. (2009). An experimental test of the theory of planned behavior. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 1(2), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01013.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01013.x
Spencer, L., Wharton, C., Moyle, S., & Adams, T. (2007). The transtheoretical model as applied to dietary behaviour and outcomes. Nutrition Research Reviews, 20(1), 46–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954422407747881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422407747881
Staunton, M., Louis, W. R., Smith, J. R., Terry, D. J., & McDonald, R. I. (2014). How negative descriptive norms for healthy eating undermine the effects of positive injunctive norms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(4), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12223
Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. C. (1980, May). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
Steinberg, B. (2023, January 24). World’s fattest countries revealed in interactive map. New York Post. https://nypost.com/2023/01/24/worlds-fattest-countries-revealed-in-interactive-map/
Stolte, E., Hopman-Rock, M., Aartsen, M. J., van Tilburg, T. G., & Chorus, A. (2017). The theory of planned behavior and physical activity change: Outcomes of the aging well and healthily intervention program for older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 25(3), 438–445. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0182 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0182
Tseng, H.-M., Liao, S.-F., Wen, Y.-P., & Chuang, Y.-J. (2017). Stages of change concept of the transtheoretical model for healthy eating links health literacy and diabetes knowledge to glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Primary Care Diabetes, 11(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2016.08.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2016.08.005
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
United States Department of Agriculture. (2020). Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020 -2025. USDA. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf
Vallis, M., Ruggiero, L., Greene, G., Jones, H., Zinman, B., Rossi, S., Edwards, L., Rossi, J. S., & Prochaska, J. O. (2003). Stages of change for healthy eating in diabetes: Relation to demographic, eating-related, health care utilization, and psychosocial factors. Diabetes Care, 26(5), 1468–1474. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.5.1468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.5.1468
van der Velde, L. A., van Dijk, W. W., Numans, M. E., & Kiefte-de Jong, J. C. (2022). Extending the theory of planned behavior for explaining dietary quality: The role of financial scarcity and food insecurity status. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 54(7), 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2022.02.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2022.02.019
van Stralen, M. M., De Vries, H., Mudde, A. N., Bolman, C., & Lechner, L. (2009). Determinants of initiation and maintenance of physical activity among older adults: A literature review. Health Psychology Review, 3(2), 147–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190903229462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17437190903229462
Vaske, J. J. (2008). Survey research and analysis: Applications in parks, recreation and human dimensions. Venture Publishing, Inc.
Walker-Clarke, A., Walase, L., & Meye, C. (2022). Psychosocial factors influencing the eating behaviours of older adults: A systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews, 77(1), 101597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101597
Wang, F. (2018). Predicting healthy eating behavior: Examination of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control factors. [Doctoral Dissertation, Bowling Green State University]. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1522766244319902
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249
Widome, R., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., Haines, J., & Story, M. (2009). Eating when there is not enough to eat: eating behaviors and perceptions of food among food-insecure youths. American journal of public health, 99(5), 822–828. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139758
World Obesity Federation. (2023). World obesity atlas 2023. https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/?cat=19
Wright, J. A., Velicer, W. F., & Prochaska, J. O. (2008). Testing the predictive power of the transtheoretical model of behavior change applied to dietary fat intake. Health Education Research, 24(2), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyn014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyn014
Wyker, B. A., & Davison, K. K. (2010). Behavioral change theories can inform the prediction of young adults’ adoption of a plant-based diet. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(3), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.124
Young, I., Reimer, D., Greig, J., Meldrum, R., Turgeon, P., & Waddell, L. (2017). Explaining consumer safe food handling through behavior-change theories: a systematic review. Foodborne pathogens and disease, 14(11), 609–622. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2017.2288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2017.2288
Zoellner, J., Estabrooks, P. A., Davy, B. M., Chen, Y.C. Yvonnes, & You, W. (2012). Exploring the theory of planned behavior to explain sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 44(2), 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.06.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.06.010
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
