An Analysis of Gendered versus Sex-Based Language in the Journal of Agricultural Education

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i4.3245

Keywords:

Language Use, Queer Theory, Content Analysis, Gender, Sex

Abstract

Because accurate use of language is important to researchers, we examined the usage of sex and gender-based language in Journal of Agricultural Education (JAE) over a 10-year period (2014-2023). Guided by queer theory, the study challenged the status quo of inaccurate pairing of terms and synonymous use of sex and gender terms. By reviewing the past 10 years of JAE literature, the usage of sex and gender-based language was documented and analyzed. From the population of JAE publications (N = 695), a total of 536 articles (77%) used sex or gender terminology. Methods sections (65%) and results/findings (55%) sections demonstrated a higher presence of sex or gender terms. The terms with a higher presence were male/female (83%) followed by gender (57%). Their frequent use within the journal points to a relevance of reviewing JAE accurate usage of sex and gender terminology. Additionally, a hierarchal dendrogram was provided to demonstrate how terms are paired statistically. Practical suggestions and applications were provided to address areas of improvement for researchers and practitioners. The recommendations provided sought to improve accuracy of sex and gender term usage as well as prioritize practices advancing the inclusion of LGBTQIA+ individuals within agricultural education, broadly defined, research.  

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmed, S. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395324

Allen, K. J., Roberts, R., Burnett, M. F., & Blackburn, J. J. (2022). Cultivating Black leaders for rural communities: A case study of a leadership development program at an 1890 land-grant institution. Journal of Agricultural Education, 63(4), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.04078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.04078

American Association for Agricultural Education (AAAE). (2023). AAAE Research Values. https://aaea.wildapricot.org/National-Research-Values

Andreassen, K., Denise Mason, L., & Chen, J. (2024). Engendering ethics: Recognition and inclusion of intersectional identities in queer communities when conducting population survey research. Continuum, 38(3), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2024.2338478 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2024.2338478

Anthony, L. (2024). AntConc (Version 4.3.1) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software

Baldwin, A. (2022). A decolonial Black feminist theory of reading and shade: Feeling the university. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003019442

Bamberger, E. T., & Farrow, A. (2021). Language for sex and gender inclusiveness in writing. Journal of Human Lactation, 37(2), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334421994541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334421994541

Bauer, G., Braimoh, J., Scheim, A., & Dharma, C. (2017). Transgender-inclusive measures of sex/gender for population surveys: Mixed-methods evaluation and recommendations. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0178043. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178043

Beaman, K. V. (2024). Language change in real-and apparent-time: Coherence in the individual and the community. Taylor & Francis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003267331

Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 U.S. 644 (2020).

Bullock, J. H., Morgan, J. E., & Warner, W. J. (2021). Motivations and challenges of underrepresented students enrolled in post-secondary agricultural education program: Community through diversity. Journal of Agricultural Education, 62(3), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.03185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.03185

Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, NY: Routledge.

Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of sex. New York, NY: Routledge.

Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. New York, NY: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203499627

Buzuvis, E. (2013). “On the basis of sex”: Using Title IX to protect transgender students from discrimination in education. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society, 28(3), 219–245.

Carr, C. L. (2005). Tomboyism or lesbianism? Beyond sex/gender/sexual conflation. Sex Roles, 53(1), 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4286-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4286-5

Clemons, C. A., & Lindner, J. R. (2019). Teacher longevity and career satisfaction in the secondary agricultural education classroom. Journal of Agricultural Education, 60(1), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.01186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.01186

Clemons, C. A., McKibben, J., & Lindner, J. (2021). The masks we wear: A quantitative analysis of motivational factors of school-based agricultural education teachers during a pandemic. Journal of Agricultural Education, 62(2), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.02083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.02083

Dilley, P. (1999). Queer theory: Under construction. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 12(5), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/095183999235890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/095183999235890

Drisko, J. W., & Maschi, T. (2016). Content analysis. Oxford University Press, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190215491.001.0001

DuBois, L. Z., Brewis, A., Burson, R. C., Dillon, S. J., Gibb, J. K., Gleason, L., Hussein, S. N., Jolly, D., Montañola, S., Nelson, R.G., Rosas, G.O., Thomas, E.B., Sturtz Sreetharan, C. (2024). From gender and sex to gender/sex: Reconceptualizing critical research categories. Practicing Anthropology, 46(2), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/08884552.2024.2346776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08884552.2024.2346776

Estepp, C. M., Cline, L. L., & Rodriguez, M. T. (2022). Members’ perceptions regarding diversity and inclusion within the American Association for Agricultural Education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 63(2), 186–202. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.02186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.02186

Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: An introduction (trans. Robert Hurley). New York: Vintage Books.

Garvey, J., Hart, J., Metcalfe, A., & Fellabaum-Toston, J. (2019). Methodological troubles with gender and sex in higher education survey research. The Review of Higher Education, 43(1), 1- 24. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2019.0088

Gregg, C., & Bowling, A. (2024). Rainbow owls: A phenomenological analysis of LGBTQIA++ agriscience teachers’ experiences. Journal of Agricultural Education, 65(3). https://jae-online.org/index.php/jae/article/view/2743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v65i3.2743

Hesse-Biber, S. (Ed.). (2011). Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and praxis (2nd ed.). SAGE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384740.n1

Hughes, J. L., Camden, A. A., Yangchen, T., Smith, G. P., Domenech Rodríguez, M. M., Rouse, S. V., McDonald, C. P., & Lopez, S. (2022). Invited editorial: Guidance for researchers when using inclusive demographic questions for surveys: Improved and updated questions. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 27(4), 232–255. https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn27.4.232 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN27.4.232

Kennedy, L., Khanna, K., Simpson, D., Gelman, A., Jia, Y., & Teitler, J. (2022). Using sex and gender in survey adjustment. arXiv, 2009.14401(2), https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2009.14401

Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H., & Wyatt, T. R. (2020). Demystifying content analysis. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1), 7113. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113

Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781

Lane, N. (2016). Bringing flesh to theory: Ethnography, Black queer theory, and studying Black sexualities. Feminist Studies, 42(3), 632-648. https://doi.org/10.1353/fem.2016.0032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/fem.2016.0032

Mars, M. M., & Hart, J. (2017). Graduate STEM-based agriculture education and women agriculturalists: An agency perspective. Journal of Agricultural Education, 58(3), 256–274. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.03256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.03256

McBride, S. M., & Talbert, B. A. (2022). Openness and preparedness of senior FFA members toward technology in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Education, 63(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.01098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.01098

McBride, S., Talbert, A., & Mackey, S. (2023). Involvement of urban agricultural education students in FFA activities and opportunities. Journal of Agricultural Education, 64(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i2.57 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i2.57

Mizock, L., & Hopwood, R. (2016). Conflation and interdependence in the intersection of gender and sexuality among transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000157

Monro, S. (2007). Transmuting gender binaries: The theoretical challenge. Sociological Research Online, 12(1), 90-104. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1514 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1514

Moser, E., Vincent, S., Schmidt, K., Headrick, J., Wood, M., & Steede, G. (2024). Evaluating the multidimensional attitudes of post-secondary agricultural education students toward lesbian and gay identities. Journal of Agricultural Education, 65(2), 276–289. https://jae-online.org/index.php/jae/article/view/2596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v65i2.2596

Murray, K., Cannon, C. E., Ching, C. C., & Trexler, C. J. (2023). LGBTQIA+ access to generalized youth development programs. Journal of Agricultural Education, 64(4). https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i4.2464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i4.2464

Murray, K. A., Trexler, C. J., & Cannon, C. E. B. (2020). Queering agricultural education research: Challenges and strategies for advancing inclusion. Journal of Agricultural Education, 61(4), 296–316. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.04296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.04296

Patterson, G. (2019). Queering and transing quantitative research. In W. P. Banks, M. B. Cox & C. Dadas (Eds.). Re/orienting writing studies: Queer methods, queer projects. University Press of Colorado. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7330/9781607328186.c004

Price, T. J. (2023). Impact of school-based agricultural education (SBAE) program climate on the participation and continuation of LGBTQIA++ students: A mixed-methods study (Publication No. 3032992442). [Doctoral Dissertation, Oklahoma State University] https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/impact-school-based-agricultural-education-sbae/docview/3032992442/se-2

Price, T. J., Riggs, A.N., & Montgomery, D. (2024). Attitudes toward inclusion of LGBTQIA++ youth in agricultural education: Q methodology study. NACTA Journal, 68, 139-149. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1450342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56103/nactaj.v68i1.145

Rioux, C., Paré, A., London-Nadeau, K., Juster, R.-P., Weedon, S., Levasseur-Puhach, S., Freeman, M., Roos, L. E., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M. (2022). Sex and gender terminology: A glossary for gender-inclusive epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76(8), 764–768. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2022-219171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2022-219171

Rojas, T., & Vincent, S. (2023). What’s in a book? An exploration of multicultural extractions within secondary agriculture textbooks. Journal of Agricultural Education, 64(3), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i3.114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i3.114

Rosenberg, G. N. (2016). The 4-H harvest: Sexuality and the state in rural America. University of Pennsylvania Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812291896

Ruberg, B., & Ruelos, S. (2020). Data for queer lives: How LGBTQIA+ gender and sexuality identities challenge norms of demographics. Big Data & Society, 7(1), 1-12https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720933286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720933286

Seidman, S. (1994). Queer-ing sociology, sociologizing queer theory: An introduction. Sociological Theory, 12(2), 166–177. https://doi.org/10.2307/201862 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/201862

Stewart, D.-L., & Nicolazzo, Z. (2018). High impact of [whiteness] on trans* students in postsecondary education. Equity & Excellence in Education, 51(2), 132–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2018.1496046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2018.1496046

Stiles, L., Frazier, A., & Eddington, K.M. (2024). What were you thinking? A comparison of rater coding and word counts for content analysis of thought samples in depression. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 42, 214–225 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-023-00507-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-023-00507-0

Sullivan, A. (2020). Sex and the census: Why surveys should not conflate sex and gender identity. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 23(5), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1768346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1768346

Tienda, M. (2013). Diversity ≠ inclusion: Promoting integration in higher education. Educational Researcher, 42(9), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X13516164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X13516164

Tobin, H. J., & Levi, J. (2013). Securing equal access to sex-segregated facilities for transgender students. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society, 301–331.

Veldhuis, C. B., Cascalheira, C. J., Delucio, K., Budge, S. L., Matsuno, E., Huynh, K., Puckett, J. A., Balsam, K. F., Velez, B. L., & Galupo, M. P. (2024). Sexual orientation and gender diversity research manuscript writing guide. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 11(3), 365–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000722 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000722

Watson, K. (2005). Queer theory. Group Analysis, 38(1), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0533316405049369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0533316405049369

Webster, L. (2021). “Ties that bind” The continued conflation of sex, sexuality and gender. Journal of Language and Sexuality, 10(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.00015.web DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.00015.web

Westbrook, L., & Saperstein, A. (2015). New categories are not enough: Rethinking the measurement of sex and gender in social surveys. Gender & Society, 29(4), 534–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215584758 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215584758

The White House. (2025, January 20). Defending women from gender ideology extremism and restoring biological truth to the federal government. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/defending-women-from-gender-ideology-extremism-and-restoring-biological-truth-to-the-federal-government/

Downloads

Published

12/12/2025

How to Cite

Mumma, K., Marzolino, T. A., & Knobloch, N. A. (2025). An Analysis of Gendered versus Sex-Based Language in the Journal of Agricultural Education . Journal of Agricultural Education, 66(4), Article 34. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v66i4.3245

Issue

Section

Journal of Agricultural Education

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 > >>