The Teaching and Learning of Small Gas Engines: A Literature Review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v67i1.3320

Keywords:

Agricultural Education, Agricultural Mechanics, Small Gas Engines

Abstract

Educators at the secondary level have been facing the problem of being unprepared to teach small gas engines adequately. Several factors have contributed to this, including the limited or non-existent availability of courses at the post-secondary level. Professional development opportunities are not as readily available to help teachers improve their knowledge and competency to teach small gas engines. For this literature review, we collected and analyzed peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2024 that focused on the teaching and learning of small gas engines in school-based agricultural education. Our data collection produced 42 articles. After analyzing and coding these articles, we excluded 15 articles, resulting in 27 remaining articles. We found four research themes within the selected literature: 1) Education Needs not Being Met, 2) More Professional Development Opportunities, 3) Importance to Teach, and 4) Competency in Small Gas Engines. Four themes emerged from the analysis of recommended practices, including improving the curriculum, developing partnerships with external groups, and providing more professional development opportunities. We recommend determining the gaps in teachers’ knowledge to improve training.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alston, A. J., Anderson, R., English, C. W., & Wakefield, D. B. (2018). Employability Skills and trends in the outdoor power and Equipment Industry. Journal of Research in Technical Careers, 2(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.9741/2578-2118.1021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9741/2578-2118.1021

Anderson, K., Anderson, R. G., & Swafford, M. (2018). Effects of a professional development session on Career and Technical Education Teachers’ perceptions of two-stroke engine inspection and testing: A preliminary study. Career and Technical Education Research, 43(3), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.5328/cter43.3.259 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5328/cter43.3.259

Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education(3rd ed.). The University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001

Blackburn, J. J., Robinson, J. S., & Lamm, A. J. (2014). How cognitive style and problem complexity affect preservice agricultural education teachers’ abilities to solve problems in agricultural mechanics. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(4), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.04133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.04133

Blackburn, J. J., & Robinson, J. S. (2017). An investigation of factors that influence the hypothesis generation ability of students in school-based agricultural education programs when troubleshooting small gasoline engines. Journal of Agricultural Education, 58(2), 50–66. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.02050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.02050

Burris, S., Robinson, J. S., & Terry, J. R. (2005). Preparation of pre-service teachers in agricultural mechanics. Journal of Agricultural Education, 46(3), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2005.03023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2005.03023

Burris, S., McLaughlin, E., McCulloch, A., Brashears, T., & Fraze, S. (2010). A comparison of first and fifth year agriculture teachers on personal teaching efficacy, general teaching efficacy, and content efficacy. Journal of Agricultural Education, 51(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2010.01022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2010.01022

Byrd, A. P., Anderson, R. G., Paulsen, T. H., & Shultz, M. J. (2015). Does the number of post-secondary agricultural mechanics courses completed affect teacher competence? Journal of Agricultural Education, 56(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2015.01020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2015.01020

Byrd, P., Anderson, R., & Paulsen, T. (2023). Agricultural education teachers' competence to teach agricultural mechanics: A gender comparison. The CTE Journal, 11(2), 1–15.

Clark, T. K., Anderson, R., & Paulsen, T. H. (2021). Agricultural Mechanics Preparation: How Much Do School-Based Agricultural Education Teachers Receive? Journal of Agricultural Education, 62(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.01017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.01017

Colclasure, B. (2020). Entry-level workplace competencies needed by graduates of a Community College Agriculture Program: A Midwest case study using the Delphi technique. Journal of Research in Technical Careers, 4(2), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.9741/2578-2118.1083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9741/2578-2118.1083

Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement. A review of state policy evidence: Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1), 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v8n1.2000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v8n1.2000

Darling‐Hammond, L. (2007). Race, inequality, and educational accountability: The irony of ‘No Child Left Behind.’ Race Ethnicity and Education, 10(3), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320701503207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320701503207

Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56b90cb101dbae64ff707585/t/5ade348e70a6ad624d41 7339/1524511888739/NO_LIF~1.PDF DOI: https://doi.org/10.54300/122.311

Emergen Research, https://www. emergenresearch. com/. (2023). Small gas engines market size, share, industry forecast by 2032. Small Gas Engines Market Size, Share, Industry Forecast by 2032. https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/small-gas-engines-market

Figland, W. L., Blackburn, J. J., Stair, K. S., & Burnet, M. F. (2021). Investigating the effects of cognitive style diversity on the hypothesis generation and troubleshooting ability of undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory agricultural mechanic’s course at Louisianna State University. Journal of Agricultural Education, 62(1), 156–169. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.01156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.01156

Figland-Cook, W., Anderson, R., & Swafford, M. (2022). Agricultural Mechanics Skills Possessed by Post-Secondary Students Prior to enrolling in an Agricultural Mechanics Teaching Methods Course. Journal of Agricultural Systems, Technology, and Management, 33(1), 1–13.

Gorter, E. K., & Swan, B. G. (2018). Impact of agricultural mechanics camp on intentions to teach. Journal of Agricultural Education, 59(4), 301–314. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2018.04301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2018.04301

Granberry, T., Blackburn, J. J., & Roberts, R. (2023). The state of agricultural mechanics in the preparation of school-based agricultural education teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 64(4), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i4.160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i4.160

Hainline, M. S., & Wells, T. (2019). Identifying the agricultural mechanics knowledge and skills needed by Iowa School-based Agricultural Education Teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 60(1), 59–79. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.01059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.01059

Harwell, S. H. (2003). Teacher professional development: It’s not an event, it’s a process. CORD. http://www.northernc.on.ca/leid/docs/teacher%20professional%20development.pdf

Heibel, B., Anderson, R., & Drewery, M. (2023). Virtual reality in welding training and education: A literature review. Journal of Agricultural Education, 64(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i4.38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i4.38

Hubert, D., & Liesing, J. (2000). An Assessment of Agricultural Mechanics Course Requirements in Agriculture Teacher Education Programs in the United States.

Kovar, K. A., & Ball, A. L. (2013). Two decades of agricultural literacy research: A synthesis of the literature. Journal of Agricultural Education, 54(1), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2013.01167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2013.01167

Krysher, S., Robinson, J. S., Montgomery, D., & Edwards, M. C. (2012). Perceptions of Teaching Ability During the Student Teaching Experience in Agricultural Education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 53(4), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.04029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.04029

LaVergne, D., Bakhtavoryan, R., & Williams, R. (2018). Using a Logistic Regression Approach to Estimate the Influence of Demographical Factors on Small Engine and Welding Competencies of Secondary Agricultural Education Teachers. The Texas Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 31(1) 1–11.

McCubbins, O., Anderson, R. G., Paulsen, T. H., & Wells, T. (2016). Teacher-perceived Adequacy of Tools and Equipment Available to Teach Agricultural Mechanics. Journal of Agricultural Education, 57(3), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2016.03223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2016.03223

McCubbins, O., Wells, T., Anderson, R. G., & Paulsen, T. H. (2017). Examining the relationship between the perceived adequacy of tools and equipment and perceived competency to teach agricultural mechanics. Journal of Agricultural Education, 58(2), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.02268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2017.02268

McKim, B. R., & Saucier, P. R. (2011). Agricultural mechanics laboratory management professional development needs of Wyoming secondary agriculture teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 52(3), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.03075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.03075

McKim, B. R., & Saucier, P. R. (2013). A 20-year comparison of teachers’ self-efficacy of agricultural mechanics laboratory management. Journal of Agricultural Education, 54(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2013.01153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2013.01153

McKim, B., Saucier, R., & Tummons, J. (2012). A Delphi Approach to the Preparation of Early-Career Agricultural Educators in the Curriculum Area of Agricultural Mechanics: Fully Qualified and Highly Motivated or Status Quo? Journal of Agricultural Education, 53(1). https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.01136

Oakes, J., & Saunders, M. (2002, October). Access to textbooks, instructional materials, equipment, and technology: Inadequacy and inequality in California’s public schools. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ht4z71v

Osborne, E., & Dyer, J. (2000). Attitudes of Illinois agriscience students and their parents toward agriculture and agricultural education programs. Journal of Agricultural Education, 41(3), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.1998.01008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2000.03050

Pate, M. L., & Miller, G. (2011). A descriptive, interpretive analysis of students’ oral verbalization during the use of think–aloud pair problem solving while troubleshooting. Journal of Agricultural Education, 52(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.01107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.01107

Peake, J. B., Duncan, D. W., & Ricketts, J. C. (2007). Identifying technical content training needs of Georgia Agriculture Teachers. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 23(1), 34–54. https://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v23i1.442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v23i1.442

Phipps, L. J., Osborne, E. W., Dyer, J. E., & Ball, A. (2008). Handbook on agricultural education in public schools (6th ed.). Thomson Delmar Learning.

Rasty, J. R., & Anderson, R. G. (2017). A cross-sectional analysis of the importance of agricultural mechanics skills taught. Career and Technical Education Research, 42(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.5328/cter42.2.103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5328/cter42.2.103

Roberts, T. G., & Ball, A. L. (2009). Secondary agricultural science as content and context for teaching. Journal of Agricultural Education, 50(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae2009.01081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2009.01081

Saucier, P. R., & McKim, B. R. (2011). Assessing the learning needs of student teachers in Texas regarding management of the Agricultural Mechanics Laboratory: Implications for the professional development of early career teachers in agricultural education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 52(4), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.04024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.04024

Saucier, P. R., McKim, B. R., & Tummons, J. D. (2012). A Delphi approach to the preparation of early– career agricultural educators in the curriculum area of agricultural mechanics: Fully qualified and highly motivated or status quo? Journal of Agricultural Education, 53(1), 136–149. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.01136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.01136

Saucier, R. P., Vincent, S. K., & Anderson, R. G. (2014). Laboratory safety needs of Kentucky

school-based agricultural mechanics teachers. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(2),

–200. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.02184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.02184

Shultz, M. J., Anderson, R. G., Shultz, A. M., & Paulsen, T. H. (2014). Importance and capability of teaching agricultural mechanics as perceived by secondary agricultural educators. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(2), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.02048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.02048

Slusher, W. L., Robinson, J. S., & Edwards, M. C. (2011). Assessing the animal science technical skills needed by secondary agricultural education graduates for employment in the animal industries: A modified Delphi study. Journal of Agricultural Education, 52(2), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.02095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2011.02095

Stripling, C. T., & Roberts, T. G. (2012). Preservice Agricultural Education Teachers’ Mathematics Ability. Journal of Agricultural Education, 53(3), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.03028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.03028

United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024, August 29). Small engine mechanics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/small-engine-mechanics.html

Wells, T., Perry, D. K., Anderson, R. G., Schultz, M. J., & Paulsen, T. H. (2013). Does prior experience in secondary agricultural mechanics affect pre-service agricultural education teachers’ intentions to enroll in post-secondary agricultural mechanics coursework? Journal of Agricultural Education, 54(4), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2013.04222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2013.04222

Wells, T., & Hainline, M. S. (2021). Examining Teachers’ Agricultural Mechanics Professional Development Needs: A National Study. Journal of Agricultural Education, 62(2), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.02217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.02217

Downloads

Published

03/12/2026

How to Cite

Parks, S., Anderson, R., & Perry, D. K. (2026). The Teaching and Learning of Small Gas Engines: A Literature Review. Journal of Agricultural Education, 67(1), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v67i1.3320

Issue

Section

Journal of Agricultural Education

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>